These bits remind me of what happened to a Pug 206 1.9 Diesel I had a while back. The fan belt failed and bits of it, looking suspiciously like your photos, wedged themselves between the cam belt and one of the pulleys.......... the belt jumped a few teeth, the valves hit the pistons and you can imagine the rest!
So, my guess is that you are right

. Hopefully you have been luckier than me.
WAINY.